Recent studies, however, also produced evidence for a generic advantage of nascent gene duplicates in buffering gene expression noise ( Rodrigo & Fares, 2018).
The same work confirmed the expectation that most newly born gene duplicates experience rapid decay into pseudogenes. The first comprehensive study in this direction revealed that gene duplications occur at a frequency of close to 0.01 per gene per million years ( Lynch & Conery, 2000), thus ranking equivalent with other mutational mechanisms in generating genetic variation in natural populations. The availability of whole genome sequences has made it also possible to quantify the global impact of gene duplication on the genetic evolution of organismal lineages. Today, genome sequencing studies continue to uncover adaptive gene family expansions facilitated by gene duplication, which have affected a wide range of phenotype dimensions such as body plan innovation ( Cañestro, Yokoi & Postlethwait, 2007 Holland et al., 2017 Sakuma et al., 2019), sensory reception ( Smadja et al., 2009), sexual reproduction ( Connallon & Clark, 2011), or diet range ( Zhao et al., 2015 Pajic et al., 2019), to list a few. One hallmark validation of this conceptual advancement was the discovery of the Hox gene cluster, the deeply conserved string of tandem-duplicated transcription factor genes, which regulate the patterning of the longitudinal animal body axis ( Lewis, 1992 Carroll, 1995 Ryan et al., 2007 He et al., 2018). Based on analyses of sequence divergence, phylogenetic distribution, and gene ontology information, we present evidence that an increased background rate of gene duplicate accumulation played an exceptional role during the diversification of the higher Diptera (Brachycera), in part by providing enriched opportunities for intralocus sexual conflict resolution, which may have boosted speciation rates during the early radiation of the megadiverse brachyceran subclade Schizophora.Ī total of 50 years ago now, gene duplications became recognized as a major source of evolutionary innovation at the genetic level ( Ohno, 1970). Focusing on close to 6,000 insect core gene families containing maximally six paralogs, we detected a conspicuously higher number of lineage-specific duplications in Drosophila (689) compared to Anopheles (315), Tribolium (386), and Apis (223). To explore the relative impact of gene duplication during the diversification of major insect model system lineages, we performed a comparative analysis of lineage-specific gene duplications in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Brachycera), the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicomorpha), the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera), and the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera). Gene duplication is an important source of evolutionary innovation. Genomic signatures of globally enhanced gene duplicate accumulation in the megadiverse higher Diptera fueling intralocus sexual conflict resolution. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. 4 School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA DOI 10.7717/peerj.10012 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Rodrigo Nunes Fonseca Subject Areas Biodiversity, Entomology, Genetics, Genomics, Zoology Keywords Gene duplication, Drosophila, Brachycera, Genome evolution, Energy metabolism, Sexual conflict resolution, Speciation, Hexokinase, Hsp60, Thioredoxin Copyright © 2020 Bao and Friedrich Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.
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